1.Human anatomyMedium
Which is the outermost layer of the meninges?
- ADura mater
- BPia mater
- CArachnoid mater
- DChoroid plexus
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
A patient cannot abduct the arm beyond about 15° after a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus, and has numbness over the lateral shoulder. Which nerve is most likely injured?
- ASuprascapular nerve
- BLong thoracic nerve
- CRadial nerve
- DAxillary nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium
What is anatomical dead space?
- AThe air that stays in the lungs after full exhalation (residual volume)
- BThe volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens
- CThe space between the two pleural layers
- DAlveoli that have collapsed completely
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does left ventricular failure cause pulmonary oedema?
- APlasma oncotic pressure in the lungs rises sharply
- BThe right ventricle pumps less blood into the lungs
- CThe bronchial arteries become blocked
- DRaised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Dura mater
Why this is the answer
From outside in the meninges are dura, arachnoid and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid flows in the subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia.
Answer
A · Dura mater
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Axillary nerve
Why this is the answer
The axillary nerve wraps around the surgical neck of the humerus. It supplies deltoid and teres minor and the skin over the lateral shoulder ("regimental badge" area).
Answer
D · Axillary nerve
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · The volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens
Why this is the answer
Anatomical dead space (about 150 ml) is air in the nose, trachea and bronchi. It is moved with every breath but never reaches the alveoli.
Answer
B · The volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
Why this is the answer
A failing left ventricle backs up pressure into the left atrium and pulmonary veins. High capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into the lung interstitium and alveoli.
Answer
D · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
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