1.Human anatomyMedium
Which structure is the main bundle of nerve fibres connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
- ACorpus callosum
- BInternal capsule
- CFornix
- DCerebral peduncle
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
Which ligament of the knee prevents the tibia from sliding forward relative to the femur?
- AAnterior cruciate ligament
- BPosterior cruciate ligament
- CPatellar ligament
- DMedial collateral ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium
In skeletal muscle, where does most of the calcium for contraction come from?
- AThe sarcoplasmic reticulum
- BThe mitochondria
- CThe extracellular fluid
- DThe nucleus
4.Human physiologyHard
During exercise, blood flow to active skeletal muscle rises greatly. What is the main cause?
- ALocal metabolites such as CO₂, H⁺, K⁺ and adenosine dilate the arterioles
- BSympathetic stimulation constricts the muscle arterioles via alpha receptors
- CThe heart pumps blood only to the muscles
- DThe parasympathetic system dilates all arteries
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Corpus callosum
Why this is the answer
The corpus callosum is the largest commissure, linking matching areas of the two hemispheres. The internal capsule carries projection fibres up and down instead.
Answer
A · Corpus callosum
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Anterior cruciate ligament
Why this is the answer
The anterior cruciate ligament limits anterior translation of the tibia; a positive anterior drawer or Lachman test suggests an ACL tear.
Answer
A · Anterior cruciate ligament
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · The sarcoplasmic reticulum
Why this is the answer
Depolarisation of the T-tubules opens ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, releasing stored calcium into the cytoplasm.
Answer
A · The sarcoplasmic reticulum
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · Local metabolites such as CO₂, H⁺, K⁺ and adenosine dilate the arterioles
Why this is the answer
Active hyperaemia: metabolites produced by working muscle relax arteriolar smooth muscle locally, overriding sympathetic vasoconstriction in that tissue.
Answer
A · Local metabolites such as CO₂, H⁺, K⁺ and adenosine dilate the arterioles
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