Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which structure connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

  1. ACochlear duct
  2. BNasolacrimal duct
  3. CAuditory (Eustachian) tube
  4. DExternal acoustic meatus
2.Human anatomyHard

Which structure is found in the posterior mediastinum?

  1. AAscending aorta
  2. BHeart
  3. COesophagus
  4. DThymus
3.Human physiologyMedium

Why do myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated ones?

  1. AThe impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier
  2. BMyelin makes the axon thinner
  3. CMyelin contains more sodium channels
  4. DMyelin releases neurotransmitter along the axon
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does ketoacidosis typically develop in untreated type 1 diabetes but rarely in type 2?

  1. AKetones are only made in children
  2. BType 2 patients cannot make ketones at all
  3. CType 1 patients have more glucagon receptors
  4. DEven low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Auditory (Eustachian) tube

Why this is the answer

The auditory tube equalises air pressure on both sides of the eardrum. In children it is shorter and more horizontal, which favours middle ear infections.

Answer

C · Auditory (Eustachian) tube
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Oesophagus

Why this is the answer

The posterior mediastinum contains the oesophagus, descending aorta, azygos veins and thoracic duct. The heart and ascending aorta are in the middle mediastinum; the thymus is in the superior and anterior mediastinum.

Answer

C · Oesophagus
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · The impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier

Why this is the answer

Myelin insulates the axon, so action potentials are only generated at the nodes of Ranvier. This saltatory conduction is much faster.

Answer

A · The impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis

Why this is the answer

Insulin strongly inhibits lipolysis and hepatic ketone production. In type 1 there is almost no insulin, so fatty acids flood the liver and ketones build up.

Answer

D · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis

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