Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which cranial nerve controls movement of the tongue?

  1. AHypoglossal nerve (XII)
  2. BVagus nerve (X)
  3. CFacial nerve (VII)
  4. DGlossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
2.Human anatomyHard

A stab wound cuts the left half of the spinal cord at T10. Which pattern of loss is expected below the lesion?

  1. ALoss of all sensation and movement on the left only
  2. BLoss of pain and temperature on both sides only
  3. CLeft-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature
  4. DRight-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, left-sided loss of pain and temperature
3.Human physiologyMedium

During contraction of a skeletal muscle sarcomere, which band stays the same length?

  1. AI band
  2. BThe whole sarcomere
  3. CH zone
  4. DA band
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does breathing 100% oxygen correct hypoxaemia from a true right-to-left shunt only poorly?

  1. APure oxygen damages haemoglobin
  2. BShunted blood is already fully saturated
  3. CThe extra oxygen is all exhaled as CO₂
  4. DThe shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Why this is the answer

The hypoglossal nerve supplies the intrinsic and most extrinsic tongue muscles. A lesion makes the protruded tongue deviate towards the affected side.

Answer

A · Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Left-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature

Why this is the answer

In Brown-Séquard syndrome the corticospinal tract and dorsal columns are lost on the same side, while the spinothalamic tract, which crosses near entry, causes contralateral pain and temperature loss.

Answer

C · Left-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · A band

Why this is the answer

In the sliding filament model, filaments slide past each other without shortening. The A band (myosin length) stays the same while the I band and H zone shorten.

Answer

D · A band
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · The shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas

Why this is the answer

Shunted blood bypasses ventilated alveoli and mixes deoxygenated blood into arterial blood. Extra inspired oxygen cannot reach it, unlike in V/Q mismatch or hypoventilation.

Answer

D · The shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas

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