Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

The sympathetic nervous system leaves the central nervous system from which spinal segments?

  1. ACervical only
  2. BCranial and sacral
  3. CSacral only (S2–S4)
  4. DThoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)
2.Human anatomyHard

Which coronary artery most often supplies the sinoatrial (SA) node?

  1. ARight coronary artery
  2. BLeft anterior descending artery
  3. CCircumflex artery
  4. DLeft main coronary artery
3.Human physiologyMedium

Low plasma albumin, as in severe liver disease, causes oedema mainly because:

  1. ALymphatic drainage increases
  2. BThe capillaries become impermeable
  3. CPlasma oncotic pressure falls
  4. DCapillary hydrostatic pressure falls
4.Human physiologyHard

A young woman has muscle weakness that gets worse with repeated use and improves with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. What is the most likely mechanism?

  1. AA defect in the dystrophin protein of muscle
  2. BAntibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
  3. CDemyelination of central nervous system tracts
  4. DLoss of motor neurons in the spinal cord

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Thoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)

Why this is the answer

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons lie in the lateral horn from T1 to L2. The parasympathetic system has a craniosacral outflow.

Answer

D · Thoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)
2.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Right coronary artery

Why this is the answer

The SA nodal artery arises from the right coronary artery in roughly 60% of people and from the circumflex artery in the rest.

Answer

A · Right coronary artery
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · Plasma oncotic pressure falls

Why this is the answer

Albumin generates most of the plasma oncotic pressure that pulls fluid back into capillaries. When it falls, more fluid stays in the tissues.

Answer

C · Plasma oncotic pressure falls
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · Antibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction

Why this is the answer

In myasthenia gravis, autoantibodies reduce the number of functional acetylcholine receptors. Blocking acetylcholinesterase leaves more ACh to bind the remaining receptors.

Answer

B · Antibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction

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