Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which type of epithelium lines most of the trachea?

  1. APseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  2. BStratified squamous epithelium
  3. CSimple cuboidal epithelium
  4. DTransitional epithelium
2.Human anatomyHard

When a patient stands on the right leg only, the left side of the pelvis drops (positive Trendelenburg sign). Which nerve is most likely damaged?

  1. ARight femoral nerve
  2. BRight superior gluteal nerve
  3. CRight inferior gluteal nerve
  4. DLeft superior gluteal nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium

What is anatomical dead space?

  1. AThe air that stays in the lungs after full exhalation (residual volume)
  2. BThe space between the two pleural layers
  3. CThe volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens
  4. DAlveoli that have collapsed completely
4.Human physiologyHard

Which spirometry finding is typical of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

  1. AFEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7
  2. BNormal FEV1 with low FVC
  3. CFEV1/FVC ratio above 0.9 with low FVC
  4. DIncreased peak expiratory flow

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Why this is the answer

Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells. Mucus traps particles and cilia move it up towards the pharynx.

Answer

A · Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Right superior gluteal nerve

Why this is the answer

The superior gluteal nerve supplies gluteus medius and minimus. If those of the standing (right) leg are weak, the pelvis sags on the opposite, unsupported side.

Answer

B · Right superior gluteal nerve
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · The volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens

Why this is the answer

Anatomical dead space (about 150 ml) is air in the nose, trachea and bronchi. It is moved with every breath but never reaches the alveoli.

Answer

C · The volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens
4.Human physiology

Answer: A · FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7

Why this is the answer

Narrowed airways slow expiration, so FEV1 falls more than FVC and the ratio drops below 0.7. In COPD this is not fully reversed by bronchodilators.

Answer

A · FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7

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