Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

The circle of Willis at the base of the brain connects which two arterial supplies?

  1. AExternal carotid and subclavian arterial systems
  2. BJugular and vertebral systems
  3. CInternal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
  4. DLeft and right external carotid arteries
2.Human anatomyHard

Which ligament of the knee prevents the tibia from sliding forward relative to the femur?

  1. AMedial collateral ligament
  2. BPatellar ligament
  3. CPosterior cruciate ligament
  4. DAnterior cruciate ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium

The Frank–Starling mechanism describes that:

  1. AStroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
  2. BContractility falls when temperature rises
  3. CHeart rate rises when arterial blood pressure falls suddenly
  4. DThe atria contract after the ventricles
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does a person with a high spinal cord injury above T1 risk low blood pressure?

  1. AThe sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off
  2. BThe vagus nerve is cut, so the heart rate rises
  3. CRenin release from the kidney stops completely
  4. DThe phrenic nerve can no longer control the tone of the arteries

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems

Why this is the answer

The circle of Willis links the internal carotid arteries with the basilar artery (formed by the vertebral arteries), allowing some collateral flow.

Answer

C · Internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Anterior cruciate ligament

Why this is the answer

The anterior cruciate ligament limits anterior translation of the tibia; a positive anterior drawer or Lachman test suggests an ACL tear.

Answer

D · Anterior cruciate ligament
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · Stroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases

Why this is the answer

Greater end-diastolic volume stretches the myocardium, which increases the force of contraction and the stroke volume, matching output to venous return.

Answer

A · Stroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
4.Human physiology

Answer: A · The sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off

Why this is the answer

Sympathetic outflow leaves the cord at T1–L2. A lesion above it removes vasomotor tone and cardiac sympathetic drive while the vagus still works, causing hypotension and bradycardia (neurogenic shock).

Answer

A · The sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off

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