Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which muscle group on the front of the thigh extends the knee?

  1. AQuadriceps femoris
  2. BHamstrings
  3. CAdductors
  4. DGluteal muscles
2.Human anatomyHard

In which part of the small intestine are vitamin B12 and bile salts mainly absorbed?

  1. AJejunum
  2. BCaecum
  3. CTerminal ileum
  4. DDuodenum
3.Human physiologyMedium

In skeletal muscle, where does most of the calcium for contraction come from?

  1. AThe sarcoplasmic reticulum
  2. BThe extracellular fluid
  3. CThe mitochondria
  4. DThe nucleus
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does a person with a high spinal cord injury above T1 risk low blood pressure?

  1. ARenin release from the kidney stops completely
  2. BThe sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off
  3. CThe vagus nerve is cut, so the heart rate rises
  4. DThe phrenic nerve can no longer control the tone of the arteries

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Quadriceps femoris

Why this is the answer

Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris and three vasti) extends the knee through the patellar ligament. The hamstrings flex it.

Answer

A · Quadriceps femoris
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Terminal ileum

Why this is the answer

The terminal ileum absorbs vitamin B12 (bound to intrinsic factor) and reabsorbs bile salts. The duodenum mainly absorbs iron.

Answer

C · Terminal ileum
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · The sarcoplasmic reticulum

Why this is the answer

Depolarisation of the T-tubules opens ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, releasing stored calcium into the cytoplasm.

Answer

A · The sarcoplasmic reticulum
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · The sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off

Why this is the answer

Sympathetic outflow leaves the cord at T1–L2. A lesion above it removes vasomotor tone and cardiac sympathetic drive while the vagus still works, causing hypotension and bradycardia (neurogenic shock).

Answer

B · The sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off

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