Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

  1. ATricuspid valve
  2. BAortic valve
  3. CPulmonary valve
  4. DMitral (bicuspid) valve
2.Human anatomyHard

Why does a displaced fracture of the femoral neck carry a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head?

  1. AIt blocks the femoral vein and causes congestion
  2. BIt cuts the main trunk of the femoral artery
  3. CIt damages the sciatic nerve that controls blood flow
  4. DIt tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
3.Human physiologyMedium

Besides lowering glucose, insulin moves which ion into cells, an effect used to treat hyperkalaemia?

  1. ACalcium
  2. BChloride
  3. CSodium
  4. DPotassium
4.Human physiologyHard

In Graves' disease, what thyroid function results are expected and why?

  1. ALow T4 and high TSH, because antibodies destroy the gland
  2. BHigh T4 and high TSH, because the anterior pituitary gland is overactive
  3. CHigh T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor
  4. DLow T4 and low TSH, because the hypothalamus fails

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Why this is the answer

The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the tricuspid valve does the same on the right side.

Answer

D · Mitral (bicuspid) valve
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · It tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery

Why this is the answer

The femoral head is supplied mainly by retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery running along the neck. A displaced neck fracture tears them and the head can die.

Answer

D · It tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · Potassium

Why this is the answer

Insulin stimulates the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and shifts potassium into cells. Insulin with glucose is therefore used to lower dangerously high plasma potassium.

Answer

D · Potassium
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · High T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor

Why this is the answer

TSH-receptor antibodies stimulate the thyroid independently of TSH. The resulting high T4 and T3 suppress pituitary TSH by negative feedback.

Answer

C · High T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor

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