1.Human anatomyMedium
Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?
- AVagus nerve
- BAccessory nerve
- CIntercostal nerves
- DPhrenic nerve
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
Which ligament of the knee prevents the tibia from sliding forward relative to the femur?
- APosterior cruciate ligament
- BMedial collateral ligament
- CPatellar ligament
- DAnterior cruciate ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium
Why is the oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve S-shaped?
- AHaemoglobin can bind only one oxygen molecule
- BOxygen dissolves better in plasma at high partial pressure
- CBinding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily
- DRed cells change size as they take up oxygen
4.Human physiologyHard
A patient hyperventilating during a panic attack has tingling fingers. What would the arterial blood gas most likely show?
- ALow pH and high PaCO₂
- BHigh pH and high bicarbonate
- CHigh pH and low PaCO₂
- DLow pH and low bicarbonate
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Phrenic nerve
Why this is the answer
The phrenic nerve (roots C3–C5) is the motor supply to the diaphragm. High cervical cord injury above C3 therefore stops spontaneous breathing.
Answer
D · Phrenic nerve
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Anterior cruciate ligament
Why this is the answer
The anterior cruciate ligament limits anterior translation of the tibia; a positive anterior drawer or Lachman test suggests an ACL tear.
Answer
D · Anterior cruciate ligament
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Binding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily
Why this is the answer
Haemoglobin shows cooperative binding: each bound O₂ increases the affinity of the remaining sites, giving a sigmoid curve.
Answer
C · Binding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · High pH and low PaCO₂
Why this is the answer
Hyperventilation blows off CO₂ and causes acute respiratory alkalosis. Alkalosis increases calcium binding to albumin, lowering ionised calcium and causing tingling.
Answer
C · High pH and low PaCO₂
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