1.Human anatomyMedium
Which type of epithelium lines most of the trachea?
- ATransitional epithelium
- BPseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- CStratified squamous epithelium
- DSimple cuboidal epithelium
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
What is the correct order of structures that urine passes through after leaving the collecting ducts?
- AMinor calyx, renal pelvis, major calyx, ureter
- BMinor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
- CRenal pelvis, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter
- DMajor calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
3.Human physiologyMedium
How does glucagon raise blood glucose?
- AIt blocks insulin receptors on fat cells
- BIt slows glucose absorption from the gut
- CIt stimulates glucose uptake by muscle
- DIt stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
4.Human physiologyHard
Which transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is key to building the medullary concentration gradient?
- AThe epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)
- BThe Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
- CAquaporin-2 water channels
- DThe sodium–glucose cotransporter (SGLT2)
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Why this is the answer
Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells. Mucus traps particles and cilia move it up towards the pharynx.
Answer
B · Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
Why this is the answer
Collecting ducts open at the renal papillae into minor calyces, which join to form major calyces, which empty into the renal pelvis and then the ureter.
Answer
B · Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
3.Human physiology
Answer: D · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
Why this is the answer
Glucagon from alpha cells acts on the liver to break down glycogen and make new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
Answer
D · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
Why this is the answer
NKCC2 moves Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ out of the tubule into the interstitium without water, building the medullary gradient. Loop diuretics such as furosemide block it.
Answer
B · The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
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