Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which structure connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

  1. AAuditory (Eustachian) tube
  2. BNasolacrimal duct
  3. CExternal acoustic meatus
  4. DCochlear duct
2.Human anatomyHard

A tumour at the apex of the lung causes drooping of the eyelid, a small pupil and loss of sweating on the same side of the face. Which pathway is disrupted?

  1. AOculomotor nerve
  2. BFacial nerve
  3. CCervical sympathetic chain
  4. DParasympathetic fibres of the vagus
3.Human physiologyMedium

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are all four heart valves closed while ventricular pressure rises?

  1. AAtrial systole
  2. BRapid ejection
  3. CRapid filling
  4. DIsovolumetric contraction
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does left ventricular failure cause pulmonary oedema?

  1. AThe right ventricle pumps less blood into the lungs
  2. BThe bronchial arteries become blocked
  3. CRaised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
  4. DPlasma oncotic pressure in the lungs rises sharply

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Auditory (Eustachian) tube

Why this is the answer

The auditory tube equalises air pressure on both sides of the eardrum. In children it is shorter and more horizontal, which favours middle ear infections.

Answer

A · Auditory (Eustachian) tube
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Cervical sympathetic chain

Why this is the answer

This is Horner's syndrome: ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis from interruption of sympathetic fibres, here by an apical (Pancoast) tumour pressing on the sympathetic chain.

Answer

C · Cervical sympathetic chain
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · Isovolumetric contraction

Why this is the answer

After the AV valves close, the ventricles contract against closed semilunar valves. Pressure rises with no volume change until the aortic and pulmonary valves open.

Answer

D · Isovolumetric contraction
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure

Why this is the answer

A failing left ventricle backs up pressure into the left atrium and pulmonary veins. High capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into the lung interstitium and alveoli.

Answer

C · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure

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