Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which of these organs is retroperitoneal?

  1. ASpleen
  2. BKidney
  3. CStomach
  4. DTransverse colon
2.Human anatomyHard

Why is the proximal pole of the scaphoid at risk of avascular necrosis after a waist fracture?

  1. AIts only artery runs through the lunate
  2. BIts blood supply enters mainly from the distal end
  3. CIt has no blood supply at all
  4. DIt is drained by a single vein that clots easily
3.Human physiologyMedium

What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?

  1. AVentricular depolarisation
  2. BAtrial depolarisation
  3. CAtrial repolarisation
  4. DVentricular repolarisation
4.Human physiologyHard

A patient's arterial blood gas shows pH 7.30, PaCO₂ 7.8 kPa (59 mmHg) and normal bicarbonate. What is the most likely disturbance?

  1. ARespiratory alkalosis
  2. BAcute respiratory acidosis
  3. CMetabolic acidosis
  4. DCompensated metabolic alkalosis

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Kidney

Why this is the answer

The kidneys lie behind the parietal peritoneum. The stomach, spleen and transverse colon are intraperitoneal and have a mesentery or ligaments.

Answer

B · Kidney
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Its blood supply enters mainly from the distal end

Why this is the answer

Branches of the radial artery enter the scaphoid mainly distally and flow backwards. A fracture through the waist can cut off the proximal pole, causing avascular necrosis.

Answer

B · Its blood supply enters mainly from the distal end
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · Ventricular depolarisation

Why this is the answer

The P wave is atrial depolarisation, the QRS complex ventricular depolarisation and the T wave ventricular repolarisation. Atrial repolarisation is hidden in the QRS.

Answer

A · Ventricular depolarisation
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · Acute respiratory acidosis

Why this is the answer

Low pH with high CO₂ points to a respiratory acidosis. Bicarbonate has not risen yet, so the kidneys have not compensated: it is acute.

Answer

B · Acute respiratory acidosis

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