Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which muscle is the main extensor of the elbow?

  1. ABiceps brachii
  2. BCoracobrachialis
  3. CBrachialis
  4. DTriceps brachii
2.Human anatomyHard

Which ligament of the knee prevents the tibia from sliding forward relative to the femur?

  1. APosterior cruciate ligament
  2. BPatellar ligament
  3. CAnterior cruciate ligament
  4. DMedial collateral ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium

Why do myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated ones?

  1. AMyelin contains more sodium channels
  2. BMyelin releases neurotransmitter along the axon
  3. CMyelin makes the axon thinner
  4. DThe impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does ketoacidosis typically develop in untreated type 1 diabetes but rarely in type 2?

  1. AKetones are only made in children
  2. BType 1 patients have more glucagon receptors
  3. CType 2 patients cannot make ketones at all
  4. DEven low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Triceps brachii

Why this is the answer

Triceps brachii inserts on the olecranon of the ulna and extends the elbow. Biceps and brachialis are elbow flexors.

Answer

D · Triceps brachii
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Anterior cruciate ligament

Why this is the answer

The anterior cruciate ligament limits anterior translation of the tibia; a positive anterior drawer or Lachman test suggests an ACL tear.

Answer

C · Anterior cruciate ligament
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · The impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier

Why this is the answer

Myelin insulates the axon, so action potentials are only generated at the nodes of Ranvier. This saltatory conduction is much faster.

Answer

D · The impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis

Why this is the answer

Insulin strongly inhibits lipolysis and hepatic ketone production. In type 1 there is almost no insulin, so fatty acids flood the liver and ketones build up.

Answer

D · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis

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