Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which cranial nerve supplies the lateral rectus muscle of the eye?

  1. ATrochlear nerve (IV)
  2. BOculomotor nerve (III)
  3. COptic nerve (II)
  4. DAbducens nerve (VI)
2.Human anatomyHard

Why does a displaced fracture of the femoral neck carry a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head?

  1. AIt blocks the femoral vein and causes congestion
  2. BIt cuts the main trunk of the femoral artery
  3. CIt tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
  4. DIt damages the sciatic nerve that controls blood flow
3.Human physiologyMedium

Why can cardiac muscle not be tetanised like skeletal muscle?

  1. AIt is controlled only by hormones
  2. BIt has no calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  3. CIts long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction
  4. DIt is not striated
4.Human physiologyHard

A patient has taken high-dose prednisolone for a year. What is the state of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis?

  1. AACTH is normal and cortisol production is increased
  2. BACTH is suppressed and the adrenal cortex has atrophied
  3. CThe adrenal medulla has stopped making adrenaline and noradrenaline
  4. DACTH is high and the adrenal cortex is enlarged

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Abducens nerve (VI)

Why this is the answer

The abducens nerve (VI) supplies lateral rectus. A lesion stops the eye moving outwards and causes horizontal double vision.

Answer

D · Abducens nerve (VI)
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · It tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery

Why this is the answer

The femoral head is supplied mainly by retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery running along the neck. A displaced neck fracture tears them and the head can die.

Answer

C · It tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · Its long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction

Why this is the answer

The plateau of the cardiac action potential gives a long refractory period, so the muscle relaxes before it can be excited again. This allows the heart to refill.

Answer

C · Its long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · ACTH is suppressed and the adrenal cortex has atrophied

Why this is the answer

Exogenous glucocorticoid suppresses CRH and ACTH, so the adrenal cortex atrophies. Stopping the drug suddenly can cause an adrenal crisis, so it is tapered.

Answer

B · ACTH is suppressed and the adrenal cortex has atrophied

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