1.Human anatomyMedium
Which carpal bone is most commonly fractured, typically after a fall on an outstretched hand?
- APisiform
- BHamate
- CLunate
- DScaphoid
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
What is the correct order of structures that urine passes through after leaving the collecting ducts?
- AMinor calyx, renal pelvis, major calyx, ureter
- BMajor calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
- CRenal pelvis, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter
- DMinor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH?
- AThyroxine
- BAdrenaline
- CAldosterone, as the main response
- DCortisol
4.Human physiologyHard
Which spirometry finding is typical of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
- AFEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7
- BIncreased peak expiratory flow
- CFEV1/FVC ratio above 0.9 with low FVC
- DNormal FEV1 with low FVC
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Scaphoid
Why this is the answer
The scaphoid is the most often fractured carpal bone. Tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox is a key clinical sign.
Answer
D · Scaphoid
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
Why this is the answer
Collecting ducts open at the renal papillae into minor calyces, which join to form major calyces, which empty into the renal pelvis and then the ureter.
Answer
D · Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
3.Human physiology
Answer: D · Cortisol
Why this is the answer
ACTH from the anterior pituitary stimulates cortisol release from the zona fasciculata. Adrenaline comes from the adrenal medulla.
Answer
D · Cortisol
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7
Why this is the answer
Narrowed airways slow expiration, so FEV1 falls more than FVC and the ratio drops below 0.7. In COPD this is not fully reversed by bronchodilators.
Answer
A · FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7
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