Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

New problemsBack to the course

In the print window, choose “Save as PDF” to keep a copy on your device.

1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

The sympathetic nervous system leaves the central nervous system from which spinal segments?

  1. AThoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)
  2. BCranial and sacral
  3. CSacral only (S2–S4)
  4. DCervical only
2.Human anatomyHard

During a lumbar puncture, which ligament is the last one pierced before the needle enters the epidural space?

  1. ALigamentum flavum
  2. BSupraspinous ligament
  3. CInterspinous ligament
  4. DPosterior longitudinal ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium

What is the main effect of vagus nerve stimulation on the heart?

  1. AIt increases the heart rate
  2. BIt increases ventricular contractility strongly
  3. CIt slows the heart rate
  4. DIt constricts the coronary arteries
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does a deep sea diver risk decompression sickness when surfacing quickly?

  1. ANitrogen dissolved at high pressure forms bubbles as the pressure falls
  2. BOxygen becomes toxic at the surface
  3. CThe lungs collapse when the pressure falls
  4. DCarbon dioxide cannot leave the lungs fast enough

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Thoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)

Why this is the answer

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons lie in the lateral horn from T1 to L2. The parasympathetic system has a craniosacral outflow.

Answer

A · Thoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)
2.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Ligamentum flavum

Why this is the answer

The needle passes skin, supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, then ligamentum flavum into the epidural space, then dura and arachnoid into the subarachnoid space.

Answer

A · Ligamentum flavum
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · It slows the heart rate

Why this is the answer

The vagus releases acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors in the SA and AV nodes, slowing pacemaker firing and AV conduction.

Answer

C · It slows the heart rate
4.Human physiology

Answer: A · Nitrogen dissolved at high pressure forms bubbles as the pressure falls

Why this is the answer

At depth more nitrogen dissolves in the tissues. If pressure falls too fast it comes out of solution as bubbles in tissues and blood, causing "the bends".

Answer

A · Nitrogen dissolved at high pressure forms bubbles as the pressure falls

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/anatomy-and-physiology