1.Human anatomyMedium
Which cranial nerve controls movement of the tongue?
- AHypoglossal nerve (XII)
- BVagus nerve (X)
- CGlossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
- DFacial nerve (VII)
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
During a lumbar puncture, which ligament is the last one pierced before the needle enters the epidural space?
- ASupraspinous ligament
- BInterspinous ligament
- CLigamentum flavum
- DPosterior longitudinal ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium
What is the main effect of aldosterone on the kidney?
- AWater reabsorption by inserting aquaporins only
- BGlucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule
- CSodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron
- DIncreased filtration in the glomerulus
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does left ventricular failure cause pulmonary oedema?
- AThe right ventricle pumps less blood into the lungs
- BPlasma oncotic pressure in the lungs rises sharply
- CRaised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
- DThe bronchial arteries become blocked
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Why this is the answer
The hypoglossal nerve supplies the intrinsic and most extrinsic tongue muscles. A lesion makes the protruded tongue deviate towards the affected side.
Answer
A · Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Ligamentum flavum
Why this is the answer
The needle passes skin, supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, then ligamentum flavum into the epidural space, then dura and arachnoid into the subarachnoid space.
Answer
C · Ligamentum flavum
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron
Why this is the answer
Aldosterone acts on the distal tubule and collecting duct to increase Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion. Water follows the sodium, raising blood volume.
Answer
C · Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
Why this is the answer
A failing left ventricle backs up pressure into the left atrium and pulmonary veins. High capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into the lung interstitium and alveoli.
Answer
C · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
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