Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which two regions of the adult spine normally show a lordosis (curve concave towards the back)?

  1. ACervical and thoracic
  2. BThoracic and lumbar
  3. CThoracic and sacral
  4. DCervical and lumbar
2.Human anatomyHard

Why is the proximal pole of the scaphoid at risk of avascular necrosis after a waist fracture?

  1. AIts blood supply enters mainly from the distal end
  2. BIt has no blood supply at all
  3. CIts only artery runs through the lunate
  4. DIt is drained by a single vein that clots easily
3.Human physiologyMedium

What is the main effect of vagus nerve stimulation on the heart?

  1. AIt increases ventricular contractility strongly
  2. BIt increases the heart rate
  3. CIt slows the heart rate
  4. DIt constricts the coronary arteries
4.Human physiologyHard

In pernicious anaemia, autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells leads to anaemia because:

  1. AGastrin is lost, so the bone marrow is no longer stimulated
  2. BPepsin is lost, so haemoglobin cannot be made
  3. CIntrinsic factor is lost, so vitamin B12 is not absorbed
  4. DAcid is lost, so iron is never absorbed in any form

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Cervical and lumbar

Why this is the answer

The cervical and lumbar regions are lordotic (secondary curves). The thoracic and sacral regions are kyphotic (primary curves).

Answer

D · Cervical and lumbar
2.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Its blood supply enters mainly from the distal end

Why this is the answer

Branches of the radial artery enter the scaphoid mainly distally and flow backwards. A fracture through the waist can cut off the proximal pole, causing avascular necrosis.

Answer

A · Its blood supply enters mainly from the distal end
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · It slows the heart rate

Why this is the answer

The vagus releases acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors in the SA and AV nodes, slowing pacemaker firing and AV conduction.

Answer

C · It slows the heart rate
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · Intrinsic factor is lost, so vitamin B12 is not absorbed

Why this is the answer

Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor, needed for B12 absorption in the terminal ileum. B12 deficiency impairs DNA synthesis and causes megaloblastic anaemia.

Answer

C · Intrinsic factor is lost, so vitamin B12 is not absorbed

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