Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which structure connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

  1. AAuditory (Eustachian) tube
  2. BNasolacrimal duct
  3. CCochlear duct
  4. DExternal acoustic meatus
2.Human anatomyHard

In the femoral triangle, what is the order of the main structures from lateral to medial?

  1. AFemoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein
  2. BFemoral artery, femoral nerve, femoral vein
  3. CFemoral vein, femoral artery, femoral nerve
  4. DFemoral nerve, femoral vein, femoral artery
3.Human physiologyMedium

What is anatomical dead space?

  1. AAlveoli that have collapsed completely
  2. BThe space between the two pleural layers
  3. CThe air that stays in the lungs after full exhalation (residual volume)
  4. DThe volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens
4.Human physiologyHard

Which substance's clearance is used as the gold standard to measure glomerular filtration rate?

  1. ACreatinine
  2. BGlucose
  3. CInulin
  4. DUrea

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Auditory (Eustachian) tube

Why this is the answer

The auditory tube equalises air pressure on both sides of the eardrum. In children it is shorter and more horizontal, which favours middle ear infections.

Answer

A · Auditory (Eustachian) tube
2.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein

Why this is the answer

From lateral to medial: nerve, artery, vein, then empty space and lymphatics (NAVEL). This is why the femoral artery pulse lies between the nerve and vein.

Answer

A · Femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · The volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens

Why this is the answer

Anatomical dead space (about 150 ml) is air in the nose, trachea and bronchi. It is moved with every breath but never reaches the alveoli.

Answer

D · The volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · Inulin

Why this is the answer

Inulin is filtered freely and is not reabsorbed or secreted, so its clearance equals GFR exactly. Creatinine is slightly secreted, so it overestimates GFR a little.

Answer

C · Inulin

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