Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which is the outermost layer of the meninges?

  1. ADura mater
  2. BChoroid plexus
  3. CArachnoid mater
  4. DPia mater
2.Human anatomyHard

When a patient stands on the right leg only, the left side of the pelvis drops (positive Trendelenburg sign). Which nerve is most likely damaged?

  1. ARight inferior gluteal nerve
  2. BRight femoral nerve
  3. CLeft superior gluteal nerve
  4. DRight superior gluteal nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium

Where is the heart's natural pacemaker?

  1. APurkinje fibres
  2. BAtrioventricular node
  3. CSinoatrial node
  4. DBundle of His
4.Human physiologyHard

In primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), which combination is expected?

  1. AHigh sodium, high potassium and high ACTH
  2. BLow sodium, high potassium and high ACTH
  3. CHigh sodium, low potassium and low ACTH
  4. DLow sodium, low potassium and low ACTH

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Dura mater

Why this is the answer

From outside in the meninges are dura, arachnoid and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid flows in the subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia.

Answer

A · Dura mater
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Right superior gluteal nerve

Why this is the answer

The superior gluteal nerve supplies gluteus medius and minimus. If those of the standing (right) leg are weak, the pelvis sags on the opposite, unsupported side.

Answer

D · Right superior gluteal nerve
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · Sinoatrial node

Why this is the answer

The SA node depolarises spontaneously at the fastest rate and sets the heart rhythm. The AV node delays the impulse before it spreads to the ventricles.

Answer

C · Sinoatrial node
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · Low sodium, high potassium and high ACTH

Why this is the answer

Loss of aldosterone causes sodium loss and potassium retention. Low cortisol removes negative feedback, so ACTH rises and can cause skin pigmentation.

Answer

B · Low sodium, high potassium and high ACTH

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