Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which carpal bone is most commonly fractured, typically after a fall on an outstretched hand?

  1. ALunate
  2. BPisiform
  3. CScaphoid
  4. DHamate
2.Human anatomyHard

Why does a displaced fracture of the femoral neck carry a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head?

  1. AIt damages the sciatic nerve that controls blood flow
  2. BIt tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
  3. CIt cuts the main trunk of the femoral artery
  4. DIt blocks the femoral vein and causes congestion
3.Human physiologyMedium

What is the main effect of vagus nerve stimulation on the heart?

  1. AIt slows the heart rate
  2. BIt increases ventricular contractility strongly
  3. CIt constricts the coronary arteries
  4. DIt increases the heart rate
4.Human physiologyHard

In Graves' disease, what thyroid function results are expected and why?

  1. AHigh T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor
  2. BLow T4 and low TSH, because the hypothalamus fails
  3. CHigh T4 and high TSH, because the anterior pituitary gland is overactive
  4. DLow T4 and high TSH, because antibodies destroy the gland

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Scaphoid

Why this is the answer

The scaphoid is the most often fractured carpal bone. Tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox is a key clinical sign.

Answer

C · Scaphoid
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · It tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery

Why this is the answer

The femoral head is supplied mainly by retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery running along the neck. A displaced neck fracture tears them and the head can die.

Answer

B · It tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · It slows the heart rate

Why this is the answer

The vagus releases acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors in the SA and AV nodes, slowing pacemaker firing and AV conduction.

Answer

A · It slows the heart rate
4.Human physiology

Answer: A · High T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor

Why this is the answer

TSH-receptor antibodies stimulate the thyroid independently of TSH. The resulting high T4 and T3 suppress pituitary TSH by negative feedback.

Answer

A · High T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor

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