Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which two regions of the adult spine normally show a lordosis (curve concave towards the back)?

  1. AThoracic and lumbar
  2. BCervical and thoracic
  3. CThoracic and sacral
  4. DCervical and lumbar
2.Human anatomyHard

After a difficult delivery with traction on the neck, a baby's arm hangs by the side, internally rotated with the forearm pronated ("waiter's tip"). Which part of the brachial plexus is injured?

  1. ALower trunk (C8–T1)
  2. BMedial cord
  3. CUpper trunk (C5–C6)
  4. DPosterior cord
3.Human physiologyMedium

Low plasma albumin, as in severe liver disease, causes oedema mainly because:

  1. ACapillary hydrostatic pressure falls
  2. BLymphatic drainage increases
  3. CThe capillaries become impermeable
  4. DPlasma oncotic pressure falls
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does ketoacidosis typically develop in untreated type 1 diabetes but rarely in type 2?

  1. AEven low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis
  2. BKetones are only made in children
  3. CType 1 patients have more glucagon receptors
  4. DType 2 patients cannot make ketones at all

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Cervical and lumbar

Why this is the answer

The cervical and lumbar regions are lordotic (secondary curves). The thoracic and sacral regions are kyphotic (primary curves).

Answer

D · Cervical and lumbar
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Upper trunk (C5–C6)

Why this is the answer

Erb's palsy follows stretching of the upper trunk (C5–C6), paralysing deltoid, the external rotators and biceps. Lower trunk injury (Klumpke's) affects the small hand muscles instead.

Answer

C · Upper trunk (C5–C6)
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · Plasma oncotic pressure falls

Why this is the answer

Albumin generates most of the plasma oncotic pressure that pulls fluid back into capillaries. When it falls, more fluid stays in the tissues.

Answer

D · Plasma oncotic pressure falls
4.Human physiology

Answer: A · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis

Why this is the answer

Insulin strongly inhibits lipolysis and hepatic ketone production. In type 1 there is almost no insulin, so fatty acids flood the liver and ketones build up.

Answer

A · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis

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