Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which pulse is felt just behind the medial malleolus of the ankle?

  1. ADorsalis pedis artery
  2. BFibular artery
  3. CPopliteal artery
  4. DPosterior tibial artery
2.Human anatomyHard

A footballer takes a blow to the outside of the planted knee. Which combination of injuries is classically called the "unhappy triad"?

  1. APosterior cruciate ligament, lateral collateral ligament and lateral meniscus
  2. BAnterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament and patellar ligament
  3. CMedial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament and patella
  4. DAnterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
3.Human physiologyMedium

Why is the oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve S-shaped?

  1. AHaemoglobin can bind only one oxygen molecule
  2. BBinding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily
  3. COxygen dissolves better in plasma at high partial pressure
  4. DRed cells change size as they take up oxygen
4.Human physiologyHard

Why is severe hyperkalaemia dangerous for the heart?

  1. AIt depolarises cardiac cells, inactivating sodium channels and causing arrhythmias
  2. BIt blocks the binding of calcium to troponin
  3. CIt hyperpolarises cardiac cells, so they can never fire
  4. DIt speeds up the SA node until tachycardia causes fainting

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Posterior tibial artery

Why this is the answer

The posterior tibial artery passes behind the medial malleolus into the sole. The dorsalis pedis pulse is felt on the top of the foot.

Answer

D · Posterior tibial artery
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus

Why this is the answer

A valgus force with rotation tears the MCL, the ACL and the medial meniscus, which is firmly attached to the MCL.

Answer

D · Anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
3.Human physiology

Answer: B · Binding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily

Why this is the answer

Haemoglobin shows cooperative binding: each bound O₂ increases the affinity of the remaining sites, giving a sigmoid curve.

Answer

B · Binding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily
4.Human physiology

Answer: A · It depolarises cardiac cells, inactivating sodium channels and causing arrhythmias

Why this is the answer

High extracellular potassium makes the resting potential less negative. Many fast sodium channels then become inactivated, slowing conduction and risking fatal arrhythmias.

Answer

A · It depolarises cardiac cells, inactivating sodium channels and causing arrhythmias

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