Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which two regions of the adult spine normally show a lordosis (curve concave towards the back)?

  1. ACervical and lumbar
  2. BCervical and thoracic
  3. CThoracic and sacral
  4. DThoracic and lumbar
2.Human anatomyHard

Which structure is found in the posterior mediastinum?

  1. AHeart
  2. BThymus
  3. COesophagus
  4. DAscending aorta
3.Human physiologyMedium

What is the main effect of aldosterone on the kidney?

  1. AWater reabsorption by inserting aquaporins only
  2. BSodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron
  3. CIncreased filtration in the glomerulus
  4. DGlucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule
4.Human physiologyHard

A patient's arterial blood gas shows pH 7.30, PaCO₂ 7.8 kPa (59 mmHg) and normal bicarbonate. What is the most likely disturbance?

  1. ACompensated metabolic alkalosis
  2. BMetabolic acidosis
  3. CAcute respiratory acidosis
  4. DRespiratory alkalosis

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Cervical and lumbar

Why this is the answer

The cervical and lumbar regions are lordotic (secondary curves). The thoracic and sacral regions are kyphotic (primary curves).

Answer

A · Cervical and lumbar
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Oesophagus

Why this is the answer

The posterior mediastinum contains the oesophagus, descending aorta, azygos veins and thoracic duct. The heart and ascending aorta are in the middle mediastinum; the thymus is in the superior and anterior mediastinum.

Answer

C · Oesophagus
3.Human physiology

Answer: B · Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron

Why this is the answer

Aldosterone acts on the distal tubule and collecting duct to increase Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion. Water follows the sodium, raising blood volume.

Answer

B · Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · Acute respiratory acidosis

Why this is the answer

Low pH with high CO₂ points to a respiratory acidosis. Bicarbonate has not risen yet, so the kidneys have not compensated: it is acute.

Answer

C · Acute respiratory acidosis

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