1.Human anatomyMedium
Which layer of the heart wall contains the cardiac muscle?
- AEpicardium
- BMyocardium
- CEndocardium
- DPericardium
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
A stab wound cuts the left half of the spinal cord at T10. Which pattern of loss is expected below the lesion?
- ARight-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, left-sided loss of pain and temperature
- BLoss of pain and temperature on both sides only
- CLeft-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature
- DLoss of all sensation and movement on the left only
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH?
- AAldosterone, as the main response
- BCortisol
- CAdrenaline
- DThyroxine
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does a person with lactase deficiency get diarrhoea and bloating after drinking milk?
- ALactose is absorbed too quickly and raises blood glucose
- BLactose damages the villi directly
- CMilk protein triggers an allergic reaction
- DUndigested lactose draws water into the gut and is fermented by colonic bacteria
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Myocardium
Why this is the answer
The myocardium is the thick muscular middle layer. The endocardium lines the chambers and the epicardium covers the outside.
Answer
B · Myocardium
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Left-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature
Why this is the answer
In Brown-Séquard syndrome the corticospinal tract and dorsal columns are lost on the same side, while the spinothalamic tract, which crosses near entry, causes contralateral pain and temperature loss.
Answer
C · Left-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Cortisol
Why this is the answer
ACTH from the anterior pituitary stimulates cortisol release from the zona fasciculata. Adrenaline comes from the adrenal medulla.
Answer
B · Cortisol
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · Undigested lactose draws water into the gut and is fermented by colonic bacteria
Why this is the answer
Unabsorbed lactose acts osmotically, pulling water into the lumen. Colonic bacteria ferment it, producing gas and short-chain fatty acids.
Answer
D · Undigested lactose draws water into the gut and is fermented by colonic bacteria
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