Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which part of the stomach connects to the duodenum?

  1. APylorus
  2. BBody
  3. CCardia
  4. DFundus
2.Human anatomyHard

In portal hypertension, oesophageal varices form at which portosystemic anastomosis?

  1. ABetween the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
  2. BBetween the paraumbilical veins and the epigastric veins
  3. CBetween the splenic vein and the left renal vein
  4. DBetween the superior rectal and middle rectal veins
3.Human physiologyMedium

Which hormone makes the gallbladder contract after a fatty meal?

  1. ACholecystokinin (CCK)
  2. BGastrin
  3. CSecretin
  4. DInsulin
4.Human physiologyHard

At the start of a fever, a patient shivers and feels cold even though body temperature is rising. Why?

  1. AThe thermoreceptors in the skin are destroyed
  2. BPyrogens raise the hypothalamic set point above the current body temperature
  3. CSweating has already cooled the body too much
  4. DThe body has lost its ability to produce heat

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Pylorus

Why this is the answer

The pylorus is the distal stomach. Its pyloric sphincter regulates the passage of chyme into the duodenum.

Answer

A · Pylorus
2.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein

Why this is the answer

At the lower oesophagus, portal blood in the left gastric vein meets systemic blood in the oesophageal veins draining to the azygos system. High portal pressure dilates these veins.

Answer

A · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Why this is the answer

Fat and protein in the duodenum release CCK, which contracts the gallbladder and stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion.

Answer

A · Cholecystokinin (CCK)
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · Pyrogens raise the hypothalamic set point above the current body temperature

Why this is the answer

Pyrogens trigger prostaglandin E₂ in the hypothalamus, raising the set point. Until body temperature reaches the new set point, heat-gain responses such as shivering occur.

Answer

B · Pyrogens raise the hypothalamic set point above the current body temperature

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