Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

The sympathetic nervous system leaves the central nervous system from which spinal segments?

  1. ASacral only (S2–S4)
  2. BThoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)
  3. CCervical only
  4. DCranial and sacral
2.Human anatomyHard

A large central disc prolapse at L4–L5 causes saddle anaesthesia, urinary retention and bilateral leg weakness. Which structure is compressed?

  1. ASciatic nerve in the buttock
  2. BCauda equina
  3. CThoracic spinal cord
  4. DFemoral nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium

How is the ejection fraction calculated?

  1. AEnd-diastolic volume ÷ end-systolic volume
  2. BStroke volume ÷ end-diastolic volume
  3. CEnd-systolic volume ÷ stroke volume
  4. DCardiac output ÷ heart rate
4.Human physiologyHard

In Graves' disease, what thyroid function results are expected and why?

  1. ALow T4 and high TSH, because antibodies destroy the gland
  2. BHigh T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor
  3. CLow T4 and low TSH, because the hypothalamus fails
  4. DHigh T4 and high TSH, because the anterior pituitary gland is overactive

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Thoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)

Why this is the answer

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons lie in the lateral horn from T1 to L2. The parasympathetic system has a craniosacral outflow.

Answer

B · Thoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Cauda equina

Why this is the answer

Below L1–L2 the canal holds the cauda equina. Central compression of these lumbar and sacral roots causes cauda equina syndrome, a surgical emergency.

Answer

B · Cauda equina
3.Human physiology

Answer: B · Stroke volume ÷ end-diastolic volume

Why this is the answer

Ejection fraction is the proportion of blood in the full ventricle that is ejected per beat. A normal value is about 55–70%.

Answer

B · Stroke volume ÷ end-diastolic volume
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · High T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor

Why this is the answer

TSH-receptor antibodies stimulate the thyroid independently of TSH. The resulting high T4 and T3 suppress pituitary TSH by negative feedback.

Answer

B · High T4 and low TSH, because antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor

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