Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

The circle of Willis at the base of the brain connects which two arterial supplies?

  1. AJugular and vertebral systems
  2. BLeft and right external carotid arteries
  3. CExternal carotid and subclavian arterial systems
  4. DInternal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
2.Human anatomyHard

What is the correct order of structures that urine passes through after leaving the collecting ducts?

  1. AMajor calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
  2. BRenal pelvis, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter
  3. CMinor calyx, renal pelvis, major calyx, ureter
  4. DMinor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
3.Human physiologyMedium

What causes the first heart sound (S1)?

  1. ABlood filling the atria
  2. BClosure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
  3. COpening of the aortic valve
  4. DClosure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
4.Human physiologyHard

What is the main reason the ventricles do not contract at the same moment as the atria?

  1. AConduction is delayed at the atrioventricular node
  2. BThe SA node fires twice per beat
  3. CThe ventricles have a longer refractory period only
  4. DThe Purkinje fibres conduct slowly

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems

Why this is the answer

The circle of Willis links the internal carotid arteries with the basilar artery (formed by the vertebral arteries), allowing some collateral flow.

Answer

D · Internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

Why this is the answer

Collecting ducts open at the renal papillae into minor calyces, which join to form major calyces, which empty into the renal pelvis and then the ureter.

Answer

D · Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
3.Human physiology

Answer: B · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves

Why this is the answer

S1 ("lub") is caused by closure of the atrioventricular valves at the start of systole. S2 ("dub") is closure of the semilunar valves.

Answer

B · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
4.Human physiology

Answer: A · Conduction is delayed at the atrioventricular node

Why this is the answer

The AV node conducts slowly (about 0.1 s delay), so atrial contraction completes ventricular filling before ventricular depolarisation begins.

Answer

A · Conduction is delayed at the atrioventricular node

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