Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which muscle group on the front of the thigh extends the knee?

  1. AQuadriceps femoris
  2. BAdductors
  3. CHamstrings
  4. DGluteal muscles
2.Human anatomyHard

Which coronary artery most often supplies the sinoatrial (SA) node?

  1. ARight coronary artery
  2. BLeft anterior descending artery
  3. CLeft main coronary artery
  4. DCircumflex artery
3.Human physiologyMedium

What causes the first heart sound (S1)?

  1. AClosure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
  2. BOpening of the aortic valve
  3. CClosure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
  4. DBlood filling the atria
4.Human physiologyHard

According to the length–tension relationship, why does a skeletal muscle fibre produce less force when overstretched?

  1. AActin and myosin overlap less, so fewer cross-bridges form
  2. BCalcium is no longer released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum when stretched
  3. CThe neuromuscular junction stops working
  4. DThe muscle runs out of ATP when stretched

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Quadriceps femoris

Why this is the answer

Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris and three vasti) extends the knee through the patellar ligament. The hamstrings flex it.

Answer

A · Quadriceps femoris
2.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Right coronary artery

Why this is the answer

The SA nodal artery arises from the right coronary artery in roughly 60% of people and from the circumflex artery in the rest.

Answer

A · Right coronary artery
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves

Why this is the answer

S1 ("lub") is caused by closure of the atrioventricular valves at the start of systole. S2 ("dub") is closure of the semilunar valves.

Answer

A · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
4.Human physiology

Answer: A · Actin and myosin overlap less, so fewer cross-bridges form

Why this is the answer

Maximum force occurs at an optimal sarcomere length with best filament overlap. Overstretching reduces overlap; too short a length makes filaments collide.

Answer

A · Actin and myosin overlap less, so fewer cross-bridges form

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