Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which cranial nerve controls movement of the tongue?

  1. AVagus nerve (X)
  2. BFacial nerve (VII)
  3. CHypoglossal nerve (XII)
  4. DGlossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
2.Human anatomyHard

In portal hypertension, oesophageal varices form at which portosystemic anastomosis?

  1. ABetween the superior rectal and middle rectal veins
  2. BBetween the splenic vein and the left renal vein
  3. CBetween the paraumbilical veins and the epigastric veins
  4. DBetween the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
3.Human physiologyMedium

Since action potentials are all-or-none, how does a neuron signal a stronger stimulus?

  1. ABy changing the neurotransmitter it releases
  2. BBy firing action potentials more often
  3. CBy making each action potential larger
  4. DBy making each action potential longer
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does ketoacidosis typically develop in untreated type 1 diabetes but rarely in type 2?

  1. AType 2 patients cannot make ketones at all
  2. BType 1 patients have more glucagon receptors
  3. CKetones are only made in children
  4. DEven low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Why this is the answer

The hypoglossal nerve supplies the intrinsic and most extrinsic tongue muscles. A lesion makes the protruded tongue deviate towards the affected side.

Answer

C · Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein

Why this is the answer

At the lower oesophagus, portal blood in the left gastric vein meets systemic blood in the oesophageal veins draining to the azygos system. High portal pressure dilates these veins.

Answer

D · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
3.Human physiology

Answer: B · By firing action potentials more often

Why this is the answer

Stimulus strength is coded by the frequency of action potentials and by how many neurons are recruited, not by their amplitude.

Answer

B · By firing action potentials more often
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis

Why this is the answer

Insulin strongly inhibits lipolysis and hepatic ketone production. In type 1 there is almost no insulin, so fatty acids flood the liver and ketones build up.

Answer

D · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis

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