Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which is the outermost layer of the meninges?

  1. AChoroid plexus
  2. BPia mater
  3. CArachnoid mater
  4. DDura mater
2.Human anatomyHard

A patient with a large aneurysm of the aortic arch develops hoarseness. Which nerve is most likely compressed?

  1. AExternal laryngeal nerve
  2. BLeft recurrent laryngeal nerve
  3. CRight recurrent laryngeal nerve
  4. DLeft phrenic nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium

How does glucagon raise blood glucose?

  1. AIt stimulates glucose uptake by muscle
  2. BIt stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
  3. CIt blocks insulin receptors on fat cells
  4. DIt slows glucose absorption from the gut
4.Human physiologyHard

What is the main reason the ventricles do not contract at the same moment as the atria?

  1. AThe ventricles have a longer refractory period only
  2. BThe Purkinje fibres conduct slowly
  3. CConduction is delayed at the atrioventricular node
  4. DThe SA node fires twice per beat

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Dura mater

Why this is the answer

From outside in the meninges are dura, arachnoid and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid flows in the subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia.

Answer

D · Dura mater
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Why this is the answer

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the aortic arch beside the ligamentum arteriosum. It supplies most laryngeal muscles, so compression causes hoarseness.

Answer

B · Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
3.Human physiology

Answer: B · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver

Why this is the answer

Glucagon from alpha cells acts on the liver to break down glycogen and make new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Answer

B · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · Conduction is delayed at the atrioventricular node

Why this is the answer

The AV node conducts slowly (about 0.1 s delay), so atrial contraction completes ventricular filling before ventricular depolarisation begins.

Answer

C · Conduction is delayed at the atrioventricular node

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