1.Human anatomyMedium
Where does the spinal cord normally end in an adult?
- AAt the coccyx
- BAt about the level of vertebrae L1–L2
- CAt about the level of T10
- DAt the level of the sacrum
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
Which structure passes through the inguinal canal in males?
- AFemoral artery
- BObturator nerve
- CGreat saphenous vein
- DSpermatic cord
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH?
- AAldosterone, as the main response
- BCortisol
- CThyroxine
- DAdrenaline
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does left ventricular failure cause pulmonary oedema?
- ARaised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
- BPlasma oncotic pressure in the lungs rises sharply
- CThe right ventricle pumps less blood into the lungs
- DThe bronchial arteries become blocked
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · At about the level of vertebrae L1–L2
Why this is the answer
In adults the cord ends at the conus medullaris near L1–L2. Below that lies the cauda equina, which is why lumbar punctures are done at L3–L4 or L4–L5.
Answer
B · At about the level of vertebrae L1–L2
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Spermatic cord
Why this is the answer
The inguinal canal carries the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament in females. The femoral vessels pass below the inguinal ligament instead.
Answer
D · Spermatic cord
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Cortisol
Why this is the answer
ACTH from the anterior pituitary stimulates cortisol release from the zona fasciculata. Adrenaline comes from the adrenal medulla.
Answer
B · Cortisol
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
Why this is the answer
A failing left ventricle backs up pressure into the left atrium and pulmonary veins. High capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into the lung interstitium and alveoli.
Answer
A · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
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