Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

The circle of Willis at the base of the brain connects which two arterial supplies?

  1. AExternal carotid and subclavian arterial systems
  2. BLeft and right external carotid arteries
  3. CJugular and vertebral systems
  4. DInternal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
2.Human anatomyHard

In the femoral triangle, what is the order of the main structures from lateral to medial?

  1. AFemoral vein, femoral artery, femoral nerve
  2. BFemoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein
  3. CFemoral nerve, femoral vein, femoral artery
  4. DFemoral artery, femoral nerve, femoral vein
3.Human physiologyMedium

Which ion enters the cell to cause the depolarisation phase of a typical neuronal action potential?

  1. AChloride (Cl⁻)
  2. BSodium (Na⁺)
  3. CPotassium (K⁺)
  4. DCalcium (Ca²⁺)
4.Human physiologyHard

Hodgkin and Huxley's classic studies of the ionic basis of the action potential used which preparation?

  1. AThe cat spinal cord
  2. BThe squid giant axon
  3. CThe frog sciatic nerve–muscle preparation
  4. DCultured human cortical neurons

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems

Why this is the answer

The circle of Willis links the internal carotid arteries with the basilar artery (formed by the vertebral arteries), allowing some collateral flow.

Answer

D · Internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein

Why this is the answer

From lateral to medial: nerve, artery, vein, then empty space and lymphatics (NAVEL). This is why the femoral artery pulse lies between the nerve and vein.

Answer

B · Femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein
3.Human physiology

Answer: B · Sodium (Na⁺)

Why this is the answer

Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels open and Na⁺ rushes in, depolarising the membrane. K⁺ outflow then repolarises it.

Answer

B · Sodium (Na⁺)
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · The squid giant axon

Why this is the answer

The squid giant axon is up to about 1 mm wide, so voltage-clamp electrodes could be inserted. This showed that sodium inflow and potassium outflow produce the action potential.

Answer

B · The squid giant axon

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