1.Human anatomyMedium
Which part of the brainstem contains the main cardiovascular and respiratory centres?
- APons
- BMidbrain
- CCerebellum
- DMedulla oblongata
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
Which muscle "unlocks" the fully extended knee by rotating the femur laterally on the tibia at the start of flexion?
- APopliteus
- BSartorius
- CBiceps femoris
- DGastrocnemius
3.Human physiologyMedium
Why is the oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve S-shaped?
- ARed cells change size as they take up oxygen
- BBinding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily
- CHaemoglobin can bind only one oxygen molecule
- DOxygen dissolves better in plasma at high partial pressure
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does fetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin?
- AIt binds 2,3-BPG less strongly
- BIt contains more iron per haem
- CIt has five subunits instead of four
- DFetal blood has a higher pH
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Medulla oblongata
Why this is the answer
The medulla oblongata contains the vital centres that regulate heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rhythm.
Answer
D · Medulla oblongata
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Popliteus
Why this is the answer
At full extension the knee locks by medial rotation of the femur. Popliteus laterally rotates the femur on the fixed tibia to unlock it so flexion can begin.
Answer
A · Popliteus
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Binding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily
Why this is the answer
Haemoglobin shows cooperative binding: each bound O₂ increases the affinity of the remaining sites, giving a sigmoid curve.
Answer
B · Binding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · It binds 2,3-BPG less strongly
Why this is the answer
The gamma chains of HbF bind 2,3-BPG poorly, so the curve is shifted left. This lets fetal blood take oxygen from maternal blood in the placenta.
Answer
A · It binds 2,3-BPG less strongly
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