Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which type of epithelium lines most of the trachea?

  1. APseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  2. BTransitional epithelium
  3. CSimple cuboidal epithelium
  4. DStratified squamous epithelium
2.Human anatomyHard

In the femoral triangle, what is the order of the main structures from lateral to medial?

  1. AFemoral vein, femoral artery, femoral nerve
  2. BFemoral artery, femoral nerve, femoral vein
  3. CFemoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein
  4. DFemoral nerve, femoral vein, femoral artery
3.Human physiologyMedium

What is the main function of pulmonary surfactant?

  1. ATo kill bacteria in the airways
  2. BTo reduce surface tension in the alveoli
  3. CTo trap dust in the bronchi
  4. DTo carry oxygen across the alveolar wall
4.Human physiologyHard

Spirometry shows reduced FEV1 and reduced FVC, with a normal or high FEV1/FVC ratio. What pattern is this?

  1. AA normal result in an older adult
  2. BAn obstructive pattern, as in emphysema or chronic bronchitis
  3. CAn obstructive pattern, as in asthma
  4. DA restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Why this is the answer

Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells. Mucus traps particles and cilia move it up towards the pharynx.

Answer

A · Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein

Why this is the answer

From lateral to medial: nerve, artery, vein, then empty space and lymphatics (NAVEL). This is why the femoral artery pulse lies between the nerve and vein.

Answer

C · Femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein
3.Human physiology

Answer: B · To reduce surface tension in the alveoli

Why this is the answer

Surfactant, made by type II alveolar cells, lowers surface tension so alveoli do not collapse and the lungs are easier to inflate.

Answer

B · To reduce surface tension in the alveoli
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · A restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis

Why this is the answer

In restrictive disease the lungs are small or stiff, so both FEV1 and FVC fall but the ratio is preserved. Obstruction lowers FEV1 more than FVC.

Answer

D · A restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis

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