1.Human anatomyMedium
Which cranial nerve controls movement of the tongue?
- AVagus nerve (X)
- BHypoglossal nerve (XII)
- CFacial nerve (VII)
- DGlossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
During a lumbar puncture, which ligament is the last one pierced before the needle enters the epidural space?
- ALigamentum flavum
- BPosterior longitudinal ligament
- CSupraspinous ligament
- DInterspinous ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium
Besides lowering glucose, insulin moves which ion into cells, an effect used to treat hyperkalaemia?
- ACalcium
- BSodium
- CPotassium
- DChloride
4.Human physiologyHard
A pulmonary embolus blocks blood flow to a well-ventilated region of lung. How does the ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) ratio of that region change?
- AIt stays normal because ventilation falls too
- BIt becomes very high, acting as dead space
- CIt becomes low, like in pneumonia
- DIt becomes zero, acting as a shunt
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Why this is the answer
The hypoglossal nerve supplies the intrinsic and most extrinsic tongue muscles. A lesion makes the protruded tongue deviate towards the affected side.
Answer
B · Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Ligamentum flavum
Why this is the answer
The needle passes skin, supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, then ligamentum flavum into the epidural space, then dura and arachnoid into the subarachnoid space.
Answer
A · Ligamentum flavum
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Potassium
Why this is the answer
Insulin stimulates the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and shifts potassium into cells. Insulin with glucose is therefore used to lower dangerously high plasma potassium.
Answer
C · Potassium
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · It becomes very high, acting as dead space
Why this is the answer
Ventilation without perfusion gives a very high V/Q ratio (dead space). A shunt, such as in pneumonia, is the opposite: perfusion without ventilation.
Answer
B · It becomes very high, acting as dead space
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/anatomy-and-physiology