Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which is the outermost layer of the meninges?

  1. APia mater
  2. BChoroid plexus
  3. CDura mater
  4. DArachnoid mater
2.Human anatomyHard

An ECG shows an infarct in leads II, III and aVF (inferior wall). Which coronary artery is most commonly blocked?

  1. AFirst diagonal branch
  2. BLeft anterior descending artery
  3. CLeft main coronary artery
  4. DRight coronary artery
3.Human physiologyMedium

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are all four heart valves closed while ventricular pressure rises?

  1. AIsovolumetric contraction
  2. BRapid filling
  3. CRapid ejection
  4. DAtrial systole
4.Human physiologyHard

Which change shifts the oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?

  1. AHigher pH
  2. BLower 2,3-BPG
  3. CLower CO₂
  4. DHigher temperature

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Dura mater

Why this is the answer

From outside in the meninges are dura, arachnoid and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid flows in the subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia.

Answer

C · Dura mater
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Right coronary artery

Why this is the answer

The inferior wall is usually supplied by the right coronary artery through the posterior descending artery (right-dominant circulation), so inferior infarcts are mostly RCA occlusions.

Answer

D · Right coronary artery
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · Isovolumetric contraction

Why this is the answer

After the AV valves close, the ventricles contract against closed semilunar valves. Pressure rises with no volume change until the aortic and pulmonary valves open.

Answer

A · Isovolumetric contraction
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · Higher temperature

Why this is the answer

Higher temperature, CO₂, H⁺ (lower pH) and 2,3-BPG lower haemoglobin's affinity and shift the curve right, releasing more oxygen to active tissues.

Answer

D · Higher temperature

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