Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

In which part of the nephron does most reabsorption of water and sodium take place?

  1. ALoop of Henle
  2. BCollecting duct
  3. CDistal convoluted tubule
  4. DProximal convoluted tubule
2.Human anatomyHard

An indirect inguinal hernia enters the inguinal canal at which point?

  1. AThrough the posterior wall of the canal, medial to the inferior epigastric vessels
  2. BBelow the inguinal ligament, through the femoral canal
  3. CThrough the superficial ring only, without entering the canal
  4. DThrough the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
3.Human physiologyMedium

How is the ejection fraction calculated?

  1. AStroke volume ÷ end-diastolic volume
  2. BCardiac output ÷ heart rate
  3. CEnd-diastolic volume ÷ end-systolic volume
  4. DEnd-systolic volume ÷ stroke volume
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does fetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin?

  1. AFetal blood has a higher pH
  2. BIt contains more iron per haem
  3. CIt binds 2,3-BPG less strongly
  4. DIt has five subunits instead of four

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Proximal convoluted tubule

Why this is the answer

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs about two thirds of the filtered sodium and water, plus nearly all glucose and amino acids.

Answer

D · Proximal convoluted tubule
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Through the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

Why this is the answer

An indirect hernia passes through the deep ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels, and runs along the canal. A direct hernia pushes through the posterior wall medial to them.

Answer

D · Through the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · Stroke volume ÷ end-diastolic volume

Why this is the answer

Ejection fraction is the proportion of blood in the full ventricle that is ejected per beat. A normal value is about 55–70%.

Answer

A · Stroke volume ÷ end-diastolic volume
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · It binds 2,3-BPG less strongly

Why this is the answer

The gamma chains of HbF bind 2,3-BPG poorly, so the curve is shifted left. This lets fetal blood take oxygen from maternal blood in the placenta.

Answer

C · It binds 2,3-BPG less strongly

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