Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of which two veins?

  1. AHepatic vein and splenic vein
  2. BSuperior mesenteric vein and left renal vein
  3. CSuperior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
  4. DInferior vena cava and renal vein
2.Human anatomyHard

A stab wound cuts the left half of the spinal cord at T10. Which pattern of loss is expected below the lesion?

  1. ALoss of all sensation and movement on the left only
  2. BRight-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, left-sided loss of pain and temperature
  3. CLoss of pain and temperature on both sides only
  4. DLeft-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature
3.Human physiologyMedium

How does glucagon raise blood glucose?

  1. AIt stimulates glucose uptake by muscle
  2. BIt blocks insulin receptors on fat cells
  3. CIt stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
  4. DIt slows glucose absorption from the gut
4.Human physiologyHard

In the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, where is angiotensin I mainly converted to angiotensin II?

  1. AIn the liver
  2. BIn the kidneys' juxtaglomerular cells
  3. CIn the lungs
  4. DIn the adrenal cortex

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

Why this is the answer

The portal vein forms behind the neck of the pancreas from the superior mesenteric and splenic veins. It carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver.

Answer

C · Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Left-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature

Why this is the answer

In Brown-Séquard syndrome the corticospinal tract and dorsal columns are lost on the same side, while the spinothalamic tract, which crosses near entry, causes contralateral pain and temperature loss.

Answer

D · Left-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver

Why this is the answer

Glucagon from alpha cells acts on the liver to break down glycogen and make new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Answer

C · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · In the lungs

Why this is the answer

Renin (kidney) cleaves angiotensinogen (liver) to angiotensin I, which ACE, mainly on pulmonary capillary endothelium, converts to angiotensin II.

Answer

C · In the lungs

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