Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which type of epithelium lines most of the trachea?

  1. APseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  2. BSimple cuboidal epithelium
  3. CStratified squamous epithelium
  4. DTransitional epithelium
2.Human anatomyHard

Why is the proximal pole of the scaphoid at risk of avascular necrosis after a waist fracture?

  1. AIt has no blood supply at all
  2. BIt is drained by a single vein that clots easily
  3. CIts blood supply enters mainly from the distal end
  4. DIts only artery runs through the lunate
3.Human physiologyMedium

Besides lowering glucose, insulin moves which ion into cells, an effect used to treat hyperkalaemia?

  1. ASodium
  2. BChloride
  3. CCalcium
  4. DPotassium
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does a person with a high spinal cord injury above T1 risk low blood pressure?

  1. ARenin release from the kidney stops completely
  2. BThe vagus nerve is cut, so the heart rate rises
  3. CThe phrenic nerve can no longer control the tone of the arteries
  4. DThe sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Why this is the answer

Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells. Mucus traps particles and cilia move it up towards the pharynx.

Answer

A · Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Its blood supply enters mainly from the distal end

Why this is the answer

Branches of the radial artery enter the scaphoid mainly distally and flow backwards. A fracture through the waist can cut off the proximal pole, causing avascular necrosis.

Answer

C · Its blood supply enters mainly from the distal end
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · Potassium

Why this is the answer

Insulin stimulates the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and shifts potassium into cells. Insulin with glucose is therefore used to lower dangerously high plasma potassium.

Answer

D · Potassium
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · The sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off

Why this is the answer

Sympathetic outflow leaves the cord at T1–L2. A lesion above it removes vasomotor tone and cardiac sympathetic drive while the vagus still works, causing hypotension and bradycardia (neurogenic shock).

Answer

D · The sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off

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