Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which pulse is felt just behind the medial malleolus of the ankle?

  1. AFibular artery
  2. BPosterior tibial artery
  3. CPopliteal artery
  4. DDorsalis pedis artery
2.Human anatomyHard

Which structure passes through the inguinal canal in males?

  1. ASpermatic cord
  2. BFemoral artery
  3. CGreat saphenous vein
  4. DObturator nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium

Where does the final activation step of vitamin D (1-alpha hydroxylation) take place?

  1. ASkin
  2. BLiver
  3. CSmall intestine
  4. DKidney
4.Human physiologyHard

In primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), which combination is expected?

  1. AHigh sodium, low potassium and low ACTH
  2. BLow sodium, low potassium and low ACTH
  3. CHigh sodium, high potassium and high ACTH
  4. DLow sodium, high potassium and high ACTH

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Posterior tibial artery

Why this is the answer

The posterior tibial artery passes behind the medial malleolus into the sole. The dorsalis pedis pulse is felt on the top of the foot.

Answer

B · Posterior tibial artery
2.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Spermatic cord

Why this is the answer

The inguinal canal carries the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament in females. The femoral vessels pass below the inguinal ligament instead.

Answer

A · Spermatic cord
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · Kidney

Why this is the answer

Vitamin D is made in the skin or eaten, hydroxylated in the liver, and then activated to calcitriol in the kidney. Kidney failure therefore causes vitamin D deficiency.

Answer

D · Kidney
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · Low sodium, high potassium and high ACTH

Why this is the answer

Loss of aldosterone causes sodium loss and potassium retention. Low cortisol removes negative feedback, so ACTH rises and can cause skin pigmentation.

Answer

D · Low sodium, high potassium and high ACTH

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