Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?

  1. ARadial nerve
  2. BMedian nerve
  3. CMusculocutaneous nerve
  4. DUlnar nerve
2.Human anatomyHard

After a difficult delivery with traction on the neck, a baby's arm hangs by the side, internally rotated with the forearm pronated ("waiter's tip"). Which part of the brachial plexus is injured?

  1. ALower trunk (C8–T1)
  2. BUpper trunk (C5–C6)
  3. CPosterior cord
  4. DMedial cord
3.Human physiologyMedium

What causes the first heart sound (S1)?

  1. AOpening of the aortic valve
  2. BBlood filling the atria
  3. CClosure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
  4. DClosure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
4.Human physiologyHard

A young woman has muscle weakness that gets worse with repeated use and improves with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. What is the most likely mechanism?

  1. ADemyelination of central nervous system tracts
  2. BA defect in the dystrophin protein of muscle
  3. CLoss of motor neurons in the spinal cord
  4. DAntibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Median nerve

Why this is the answer

The median nerve passes through the carpal tunnel under the flexor retinaculum; compression causes tingling in the thumb, index and middle fingers.

Answer

B · Median nerve
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Upper trunk (C5–C6)

Why this is the answer

Erb's palsy follows stretching of the upper trunk (C5–C6), paralysing deltoid, the external rotators and biceps. Lower trunk injury (Klumpke's) affects the small hand muscles instead.

Answer

B · Upper trunk (C5–C6)
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves

Why this is the answer

S1 ("lub") is caused by closure of the atrioventricular valves at the start of systole. S2 ("dub") is closure of the semilunar valves.

Answer

D · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · Antibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction

Why this is the answer

In myasthenia gravis, autoantibodies reduce the number of functional acetylcholine receptors. Blocking acetylcholinesterase leaves more ACh to bind the remaining receptors.

Answer

D · Antibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction

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