Introduction to Law: cram pack

A boiler is delivered late to a laundry. The seller knew it was needed for the business but not about especially lucrative dyeing contracts. Under Victoria Laundry v Newman, the laundry recovers:

1. ANothing, because all lost profits are too remote
2. BAll lost profits, including those from the especially lucrative dyeing contracts
3. COnly the price it paid for the boiler
4. DOrdinary lost profits, but not the profits from the special contracts

A former spy publishes his memoirs in breach of his undertaking not to disclose official information. In AG v Blake, the House of Lords:

1. AOrdered him to account for his profits, in an exceptional case
2. BAwarded only nominal damages
3. CAwarded punitive damages to the Crown
4. DHeld that no remedy was available

A young man dives into a shallow lake in a public park despite warning signs and is paralysed. In Tomlinson v Congleton BC, the council was:

1. ALiable, because the signs were ignored by many
2. BLiable for half of the damage
3. CLiable, because it did not destroy the beach
4. DNot liable, because the risk was obvious and voluntarily taken

After drinking together for hours, a man agrees to fly with an obviously very drunk pilot, and the plane crashes. In Morris v Murray, the passenger's claim:

1. ASucceeded, with damages reduced for contributory negligence
2. BFailed, because of illegality
3. CFailed, because he voluntarily accepted the risk
4. DSucceeded, because volenti never applies to passengers

Under section 2 of the UK Human Rights Act 1998, UK courts must, when deciding Convention rights questions:

1. ARefer all questions to Strasbourg
2. BIgnore Strasbourg case law
3. CFollow every relevant Strasbourg judgment strictly, as binding precedent
4. DTake into account judgments of the European Court of Human Rights

The "dualist" approach to international law means that:

1. ATreaties cannot be signed without a referendum
2. BTreaties must be incorporated into national law before courts apply them domestically
3. CCourts must apply only international law
4. DInternational law applies automatically in national courts as soon as a treaty is ratified

Strict liability offences are offences where:

1. ALiability arises only if the defendant was negligent as to every element
2. BThe defendant must confess
3. COnly intentional acts count
4. DNo mens rea is required for at least one element of the actus reus

Why is the principle of "lex certa" important in criminal law?

1. ALaws must be certain to be enforced, so the police have no discretion in applying them
2. BJudges must be certain before sentencing
3. CCriminal laws must be clear enough for people to foresee what is punishable
4. DOnly certain crimes can be prosecuted

A member state grants a subsidy to a company without notifying the Commission. Under the state aid rules, the state:

1. AHas acted lawfully if the subsidy was small in its view
2. BBreached the standstill obligation and may be required to recover the aid
3. CMust pay a fine to every competitor
4. DMust obtain approval from the European Parliament afterwards to legalise the aid

In Faccini Dori (1994), a consumer tried to rely on an untransposed consumer directive against a private company. The Court held that:

1. AThe directive had horizontal direct effect, because consumers are the weaker contracting parties
2. BDirectives cannot of themselves impose obligations on individuals, so she could not rely on it
3. CThe company was an emanation of the state
4. DThe directive was invalid because it had not been transposed