Introduction to Law: cram pack

A builder's job takes much longer and costs much more than planned because of labour shortages. Under Davis Contractors v Fareham UDC, the contract is:

1. ANot frustrated, because it has only become more onerous
2. BVoid, because the price was wrongly estimated
3. CAutomatically varied to a reasonable price
4. DFrustrated, because the costs rose unexpectedly and substantially

Liquidated damages clauses are enforceable in English law when:

1. AOnly the party in breach benefits from them
2. BThey are set as high as possible, so that they deter either party from breaching
3. CThey protect a legitimate interest and are not out of all proportion to it
4. DThey are agreed orally only

Police officers who helped at the Hillsborough disaster suffered psychiatric injury. In White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire, their claims:

1. ASucceeded, because they were employees of the defendant
2. BFailed, because the police can never sue their employer
3. CFailed, because they were not in physical danger and were not primary victims
4. DSucceeded, because rescuers are always treated as primary victims in English law

After an accident in a tunnel, a police inspector negligently orders an officer to ride back against the traffic, and the officer is hit. In Knightley v Johns, the original negligent driver was:

1. ALiable for half, shared with the inspector
2. BLiable, because rescuers are foreseeable
3. CNot liable for the officer's injury, because the inspector's negligence broke the chain
4. DLiable for all consequences, because the officer's injury was a foreseeable result of the crash

In Lingens v Austria, the European Court of Human Rights held that politicians:

1. ACannot sue for defamation at all
2. BHave no rights under Article 10
3. CMust tolerate wider criticism than private individuals
4. DAre fully protected from any criticism

Walter Bagehot described the "efficient secret" of the English constitution as:

1. AThe monarch's power to veto legislation
2. BThe strict separation of all three powers
3. CThe close union of the executive and legislative powers
4. DThe independence of the House of Lords

D supplies heroin to V, an adult, who freely and knowingly injects herself and dies. According to R v Kennedy (No 2), D is:

1. AGuilty of unlawful act manslaughter, because supplying a class A drug is itself unlawful and dangerous
2. BNot guilty of manslaughter, because V's free and informed choice broke the chain of causation
3. CGuilty of manslaughter, because supply always causes the death
4. DGuilty of manslaughter, because V's choice is irrelevant

In R v Brown (1993), the House of Lords held that consent was no defence to s47 and s20 charges arising from:

1. ASurgery carried out without the patient's signature
2. BConsensual sado-masochistic acts between adults in private
3. CInjuries suffered in properly conducted boxing matches between consenting adults
4. DTattoos applied by a licensed tattoo artist

Article 352 TFEU (the flexibility clause) allows the EU to act where the Treaties have not provided the necessary powers, but requires:

1. AA simple majority in the Parliament only
2. BQualified majority in the Council and the consent of the European Parliament
3. CUnanimity in the Council and the consent of the European Parliament
4. DA referendum in every member state

Under the indirect effect principle (Von Colson, Marleasing), national courts must:

1. AApply directives only after the Commission approves
2. BInterpret national law as far as possible in conformity with directives
3. CIgnore national law that conflicts with any directive in private disputes
4. DRefer every case to the Court of Justice