Introduction to Law: cram pack

A promises to keep an offer open until Friday. On Thursday, B hears from a reliable third party that A has sold the property to someone else. Under Dickinson v Dodds:

1. AB can sue A for breaking the promise to keep it open
2. BThe offer has been revoked, so B can no longer accept
3. CThe offer stays open until Friday, as A promised
4. DB can accept and claim the property from the new buyer

A chartered ship is returned late, and the owner loses a very profitable follow-on charter. In The Achilleas, the House of Lords held the charterer was liable:

1. AFor no loss, because late return is not a breach
2. BFor punitive damages, because the delay was deliberate
3. COnly for the market rate difference during the overrun period
4. DFor the whole profit lost on the follow-on charter, as it was foreseeable

The Bolam test applies to:

1. AThe standard of care expected of professionals such as doctors
2. BDefamation defences
3. CThe remoteness of damage
4. DOccupiers' liability to trespassers

An internal auditor with a grudge against his employer leaks staff payroll data online. In WM Morrison Supermarkets v Various Claimants (2020), the Supreme Court held the employer:

1. ANot vicariously liable, as he was pursuing a personal vendetta
2. BVicariously liable, as data breaches are strict liability
3. CLiable only to staff whose data was used for fraud
4. DVicariously liable, as he had access to the data through his job

The Dutch Constitution (Article 120) forbids courts from:

1. AHearing criminal cases
2. BReviewing decisions of municipalities and provinces against national statutes
3. CReviewing Acts of Parliament for compatibility with the Constitution
4. DApplying international treaties

In YL v Birmingham City Council (2007), the House of Lords held that a private care home housing residents funded by a council:

1. AWas a core public authority
2. BWas a hybrid public authority bound by the Act for all the care it provided
3. CCould not house publicly funded residents
4. DWas not exercising a function of a public nature under the Human Rights Act

D, being pursued by armed police, uses V as a human shield and fires at the officers. The police return fire and kill V. Following R v Pagett, D is:

1. ANot liable, because the police officers' decision to fire was a free, deliberate and informed intervening act
2. BLiable, because the police acted reasonably in self-defence and did not break the chain of causation
3. CNot liable, because V's death was not foreseeable to D
4. DLiable only if the police officers are also convicted

R v Gomez (1993) held that an appropriation in theft:

1. ACan occur even when the owner consents, if the consent was obtained by deception
2. BRequires that the act was not authorised by the owner, even if consent was obtained by fraud
3. COnly occurs when the defendant leaves the shop
4. DRequires a physical taking of the property

Environmental policy is an example of which type of EU competence?

1. ANo EU competence at all
2. BShared competence
3. CSupporting competence
4. DExclusive competence

In Commission v Italy (trailers, 2009), an Italian ban on motorcycles towing trailers was held to be:

1. AOutside Article 34 because it applied equally to domestic and imported motorcycles and trailers alike
2. BA selling arrangement outside Article 34
3. CA measure having equivalent effect, because it hindered access to the market for the product
4. DA customs duty contrary to Article 30