Introduction to Law: cram pack

Under the Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943, money paid before a frustrating event is generally:

1. ARecoverable, though the court may let the payee keep some for expenses
2. BPaid into court for distribution
3. CPayable twice, as a penalty
4. DLost, because the loss must lie where it falls once the contract is frustrated

An act done before a promise was made can still be good consideration if:

1. AThe act was done within one year before the promise and was of some value to the promisor
2. BThe later promise was made in writing
3. CIt was valuable to the promisor when it was done
4. DIt was requested, payment was understood, and the promise would otherwise be enforceable

Strict liability means a defendant can be liable:

1. AOnly if they broke a contract
2. BOnly for criminal acts
3. CWithout proof of fault
4. DOnly if they acted intentionally

A worker gets dermatitis from brick dust. The employer did not provide washing facilities, but science could not show that washing would have prevented it. In McGhee v National Coal Board:

1. AThe employer was liable for half the damages only
2. BThe worker was barred by consenting to the risk
3. CThe employer was not liable, because the "but for" test could not be satisfied
4. DThe employer was liable, because its breach materially increased the risk

Under British Oxygen v Minister of Technology, a public body that adopts a policy for exercising its discretion must:

1. AHave the policy approved by Parliament
2. BMake no policy at all
3. CApply the policy rigidly in every case to ensure consistent treatment
4. DStill be willing to listen to anyone with something new to say

The "margin of appreciation" doctrine of the European Court of Human Rights means that:

1. AThe Court never reviews national decisions
2. BStates may disregard Strasbourg judgments whenever their own parliament disagrees with the outcome
3. CStates have some discretion in how they protect rights, especially on sensitive moral issues
4. DEvery state must apply identical rules

D takes V's bag and is seen; a few seconds later D ties V up to escape. Following R v Hale, D is guilty of robbery because:

1. AAny force used on the victim within an hour of the theft automatically turns it into robbery
2. BThe bag was later recovered by the police
3. CAppropriation is a continuing act, so the force was used at the time of the theft
4. DTying up a victim is robbery even without theft

Which of these is NOT a qualifying trigger for the loss of control defence under section 55 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009?

1. ASexual infidelity, considered on its own
2. BThings said or done of an extremely grave character
3. CA combination of fear of violence and grave provocation
4. DA fear of serious violence from the victim

The Cassis de Dijon judgment introduced:

1. AEU citizenship
2. BState liability
3. CThe rule that indistinctly applicable measures can be justified only on the grounds listed exhaustively in Article 36 TFEU
4. DMutual recognition and mandatory requirements as justifications for indistinctly applicable measures

In CIA Security (1996), Belgian technical rules not notified to the Commission as required by a directive were held to be:

1. AVoid only in disputes against the Belgian state
2. BInapplicable, even in a dispute between private competitors
3. CValid, because directives do not have horizontal direct effect
4. DValid until the Commission brings infringement proceedings