Introduction to Law: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 10 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Contract lawMedium

A hotel guest sees an exclusion notice in her room only after booking and paying at reception. Under Olley v Marlborough Court Hotel, the notice is:

  1. ABinding from the second night onwards
  2. BPart of the contract, because hotels may exclude liability
  3. CNot part of the contract, because it came after formation
  4. DPart of the contract, because she stayed in the room
2.Contract lawHard

A client repudiates an advertising contract the same day it is made. The agency ignores this, displays the adverts for the full period and sues for the price. In White and Carter v McGregor:

  1. AThe agency could only claim damages after mitigating
  2. BThe agency could recover nothing
  3. CThe agency had to obtain a court order first
  4. DThe agency could recover the full price
3.Tort lawMedium

Rylands v Fletcher liability concerns:

  1. ADefamation in newspapers
  2. BEscape of a dangerous thing brought onto land in a non-natural use
  3. CMedical negligence
  4. DLiability for any harm caused by careless use of land, even without escape
4.Tort lawHard

A prisoner known to be a suicide risk kills himself in a police cell after officers leave the door hatch open. In Reeves v Metropolitan Police Commissioner, the House of Lords held:

  1. AThe police were not liable, because a sane adult's suicide is always a voluntary act breaking the chain
  2. BHis deliberate act did not break the chain, because it was the very thing the duty aimed to prevent
  3. CThe claim failed because of illegality
  4. DHis deliberate act broke the chain of causation
5.Constitutional lawMedium

In Pickin v British Railways Board, the House of Lords held that courts:

  1. AMust investigate any allegation of fraud in Parliament
  2. BCan review Acts for compliance with private bill rules
  3. CWill not examine whether Parliament followed its internal procedures in passing an Act
  4. DCan strike down a private Act if it is shown that Parliament was misled during its passage
6.Constitutional lawHard

The Wednesbury unreasonableness test asks whether a decision is:

  1. ASlightly less than ideal
  2. BUnpopular with the public
  3. CSo unreasonable that no reasonable authority could have made it
  4. DDifferent from what the judge would have decided on the same evidence
7.Criminal lawMedium

D puts poison in V's drink intending to kill her, but V dies of an unrelated heart attack before the poison works. D is guilty of:

  1. AMurder
  2. BManslaughter
  3. CNo offence at all
  4. DAttempted murder
8.Criminal lawHard

Under the loss of control defence (Coroners and Justice Act 2009), the defence is NOT available if:

  1. AThe defendant had been drinking that day
  2. BThe loss of control was not sudden
  3. CThe defendant acted in a considered desire for revenge
  4. DThe victim was a family member
9.EU lawMedium

Which of these can NOT be used to justify a restriction on imports under Article 36 TFEU?

  1. AProtection of industrial and commercial property
  2. BProtecting the national economy from competition
  3. CPublic morality
  4. DProtection of human health
10.EU lawHard

In Aranyosi and Căldăraru (2016), the Court held that a judicial authority executing a European Arrest Warrant:

  1. AMust always surrender the person, whatever the prison conditions
  2. BMust ask the European Court of Human Rights for permission
  3. CMay postpone surrender if there is a real risk of inhuman or degrading detention conditions for that person
  4. DCan refuse any warrant from a state it distrusts in general

2Solutions

1.Contract law

Answer: C · Not part of the contract, because it came after formation

Why this is the answer

Jurisdiction: law of England and Wales. Terms must be brought to a party's attention before or at the time of contracting. A notice seen only after the contract was made cannot be incorporated.

Answer

C · Not part of the contract, because it came after formation
2.Contract law

Answer: D · The agency could recover the full price

Why this is the answer

Jurisdiction: law of England and Wales. An innocent party may affirm and perform the contract and claim the price, if it can do so without the other's cooperation. Later cases limit this where it has no legitimate interest in performing.

Answer

D · The agency could recover the full price
3.Tort law

Answer: B · Escape of a dangerous thing brought onto land in a non-natural use

Why this is the answer

Jurisdiction: law of England and Wales. A person who brings something likely to cause mischief onto their land for a non-natural use is liable for damage caused by its escape.

Answer

B · Escape of a dangerous thing brought onto land in a non-natural use
4.Tort law

Answer: B · His deliberate act did not break the chain, because it was the very thing the duty aimed to prevent

Why this is the answer

Jurisdiction: law of England and Wales. Where the duty is to guard against the claimant's own deliberate act, that act cannot break the chain of causation. Damages were reduced for contributory negligence.

Answer

B · His deliberate act did not break the chain, because it was the very thing the duty aimed to prevent
5.Constitutional law

Answer: C · Will not examine whether Parliament followed its internal procedures in passing an Act

Why this is the answer

Jurisdiction: law of England and Wales. Courts will not look behind an Act to check how it was passed, even if Parliament was allegedly misled. This respects parliamentary privilege and sovereignty.

Answer

C · Will not examine whether Parliament followed its internal procedures in passing an Act
6.Constitutional law

Answer: C · So unreasonable that no reasonable authority could have made it

Why this is the answer

Jurisdiction: law of England and Wales. Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation set a deliberately high bar: courts intervene only for decisions outside the range of reasonable responses.

Answer

C · So unreasonable that no reasonable authority could have made it
7.Criminal law

Answer: D · Attempted murder

Why this is the answer

Jurisdiction: law of England and Wales. The poison was not a factual cause of death, so there is no murder, but D's intent and acts more than merely preparatory make D guilty of attempted murder.

Answer

D · Attempted murder
8.Criminal law

Answer: C · The defendant acted in a considered desire for revenge

Why this is the answer

Jurisdiction: law of England and Wales. Section 54(2) states the loss of control need not be sudden, but section 54(4) excludes cases where the defendant acted in a considered desire for revenge.

Answer

C · The defendant acted in a considered desire for revenge
9.EU law

Answer: B · Protecting the national economy from competition

Why this is the answer

Jurisdiction: EU law. Purely economic aims, such as protecting domestic producers, can never justify restrictions on free movement; the listed grounds must also be applied proportionately.

Answer

B · Protecting the national economy from competition
10.EU law

Answer: C · May postpone surrender if there is a real risk of inhuman or degrading detention conditions for that person

Why this is the answer

Jurisdiction: EU law. The executing court must assess, on specific and updated information, whether the individual faces a real risk of ill-treatment and may postpone surrender while that risk remains.

Answer

C · May postpone surrender if there is a real risk of inhuman or degrading detention conditions for that person

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