Lembar kerja Medikal-bedah: kardiovaskular & respirasi dengan jawaban

What is the main cause of COPD in high-income countries?

1. AChildhood asthma
2. BA viral infection
3. CCigarette smoking
4. DEating too much salt

Mengapa merokok dan api terbuka harus dihindari di dekat pasien yang menggunakan oksigen?

1. AOksigen membuat bahan mudah menyala dan terbakar hebat
2. BOksigen bersifat eksplosif saat menyentuh kulit hangat
3. CAsap menyumbat lubang kecil pada selang oksigen
4. DOksigen sendiri berubah menjadi gas mudah terbakar saat dipanaskan

Obat mana yang umum digunakan untuk memperlambat denyut jantung pada fibrilasi atrium?

1. AAmlodipin (penghambat kanal kalsium dihidropiridin)
2. BBisoprolol (penyekat beta)
3. CFurosemid (diuretik loop)
4. DAtorvastatin (statin)

A patient with heart failure takes furosemide once a day. When is the best time to take it?

1. AIn the morning, to avoid needing the toilet at night
2. BAt bedtime, so the effect lasts through the night
3. CWhenever the ankles look swollen, on those days only
4. DJust before the evening meal, with a large drink

Menurut pedoman terkini, kapan oksigen diberikan kepada pasien dengan sindrom koroner akut?

1. ASelalu 15 L/menit, berapa pun saturasinya
2. BHanya setelah hasil troponin tersedia
3. CTidak pernah, karena oksigen merusak otot jantung
4. DHanya bila SpO₂ di bawah rentang target

Seorang pasien yang mengonsumsi warfarin mulai makan salad bayam dan kale dalam jumlah besar setiap hari. Apa kekhawatiran utamanya?

1. AVitamin K tambahan dapat menurunkan INR
2. BVitamin K tambahan dapat meningkatkan INR
3. CSayuran hijau merusak hati pada pengguna warfarin
4. DTidak ada interaksi antara makanan dan warfarin

A patient with COPD who is known to retain CO₂ arrives on 15 L/min oxygen. They are now drowsy with SpO₂ 99%. What is the most appropriate action?

1. AGive a sedative to help the patient rest
2. BReduce the oxygen to aim for 88–92% and get a blood gas
3. CKeep the oxygen at 15 L/min because the saturation is excellent
4. DRemove the oxygen completely and observe

A patient with end-stage COPD has severe breathlessness at rest despite optimal treatment and wants comfort-focused care. Which measure is recognised to help?

1. AStopping all medicines, including inhalers
2. BHigh-flow oxygen at 15 L/min whatever the oxygen saturation is
3. CEncouraging long walks to build fitness
4. DA low-dose opioid with a hand-held fan and calm positioning