Lembar kerja Medikal-bedah: kardiovaskular & respirasi dengan jawaban

How is cardiac output calculated?

1. AStroke volume divided by heart rate
2. BSystolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
3. CMean arterial pressure multiplied by heart rate
4. DHeart rate multiplied by stroke volume

What is atelectasis?

1. ACollapse of part of the lung so the alveoli contain no air
2. BNarrowing of the airways caused by spasm of smooth muscle
3. CInfection of the lung tissue causing the alveoli to fill with pus
4. DFluid in the space around the lung

Berapa rentang target INR yang biasa untuk pasien yang mengonsumsi warfarin untuk fibrilasi atrium?

1. A0,5–1,0
2. B2,0–3,0
3. C1,0–1,5
4. D4,0–5,0

How should a patient breathe in when using a pressurised metered-dose inhaler without a spacer?

1. AIn short gasps through the nose while pressing the canister
2. BAs hard and fast as possible, then press the canister afterwards
3. CSlowly and deeply while pressing the canister, then hold the breath
4. DNormally, while breathing out through the mouthpiece

What is the main difference between CPAP and bilevel NIV (often called BiPAP)?

1. ABilevel NIV gives oxygen only, without any positive airway pressure
2. BCPAP is mainly used to lower a raised PaCO₂ in COPD exacerbations
3. CCPAP is given only through a tracheostomy
4. DBilevel NIV adds a higher inspiratory pressure, helping remove CO₂

Sebelum terapi kompresi diterapkan untuk ulkus vena pada tungkai, pengkajian mana yang esensial?

1. ASwab luka untuk kultur dan sensitivitas
2. BRontgen dada dan EKG
3. CIndeks tekanan pergelangan kaki–lengan (ABPI)
4. DHitung darah lengkap dan CRP

During a cardiac arrest, the monitor shows an organised rhythm, but there is no pulse. What should the team do?

1. AStop CPR, because an organised rhythm on the monitor means recovery
2. BDeliver an unsynchronised shock at once and then check the pulse
3. CGive adenosine to slow the rhythm down
4. DContinue CPR and give adrenaline (epinephrine), as the rhythm is non-shockable

A patient with a stab wound to the chest has a hole that sucks air with each breath. What is the immediate management?

1. ACover it with a vented chest seal or a dressing taped on three sides
2. BPack the wound tightly with gauze pushed deep into the chest
3. CSeal it completely with tape on all four sides and leave it alone
4. DLeave it open and give a nebuliser